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A new Human Rights Watch report has exposed a troubling pattern of forced transfers and possible war crimes by the Rwanda-backed M23 rebel group in eastern DR Congo. Over 1,500 people, including Congolese citizens and Rwandan refugees, were unlawfully deported to Rwanda, raising questions about Rwanda’s real role in the region.

Kigali’s Hidden Hand Behind M23’s Brutal Operations

The report, based on interviews and verified testimonies, confirms what Congolese communities and observers have long suspected: Rwanda, far from being a passive neighbor, is actively controlling M23 operations on Congolese soil. Backed by logistical and military support from Kigali, M23 captured Goma and Bukavu in early 2025.

The result? Massive displacement, destruction of ID documents, and forced deportations under the guise of “repatriation.”

Legal experts now say Rwanda may meet the legal definition of a foreign occupying force in eastern Congo. Under Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, the forcible transfer or deportation of civilians from occupied territory is strictly prohibited, regardless of motive.

• M23 forcibly dismantled the displacement camps around Goma.

• People were rounded up and pushed into the Lake Kivu Christian Center in Goma.

• Many were deported to Rwanda against their will.

Rwandan forces, according to military insiders, have directed M23 operations, equipped fighters with GPS-guided mortars and drones, and have even led press tours into occupied Congolese territory, further cementing claims of foreign occupation.