The Umhlanga Reed Dance: Meaning, Purpose, History & Cultural Lessons

When I first saw pictures of the Swazi Umhlanga Reed Dance, I was struck by the colours, the rows of maidens singing proudly, and the symbols woven into each movement. Let me take you into this world of beauty and meaning.

(Reference: Masango, L.P. (2008). Reading the Swazi Reed Dance (Umhlanga) as a Literary Traditional Performance Art, University of the Witwatersrand)

Reed Dance Meaning: What is meant by Reed Dance?

The Reed Dance (Umhlanga in SiSwati and isiZulu) is an annual cultural ceremony where thousands of maidens gather to cut reeds and present them to the king and queen's mother. The reeds are used to reinforce the royal kraal’s fences, but symbolically, this dance celebrates chastity, community unity, and respect for elders.

Reed Dance Zulu and Swazi traditions

While Umhlanga originated among Swazi people, the Zulu Reed Dance shares similar roots. Both involve girls gathering reeds, singing, and dancing before their king, reinforcing national identity and moral pride.

What is the importance of the Reed Dance?

1. Cultural preservation – it keeps traditions alive.

2. Promotes chastity – encourages girls to remain virgins before marriage.

3. Honours ancestors and the queen mother – who is seen as the mother of the nation.

4. Unity – brings girls from all regions together to learn songs, dances, and values.

(Masango, 2008)

What is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?

The purpose of Umhlanga goes beyond dance:

• Strengthen girls’ moral teachings.

• Reinforce obedience and respect for elders.

• Create communal identity under the king’s guardianship.

• Celebrate butfobhi (maidenhood) and readiness for womanhood.

• Maintain the royal enclosure with fresh reeds as a symbol of protection and renewal.

Reed Dance History

Historically, the Reed Dance dates back centuries. It was formalised by King Sobhuza II of Swaziland to restore moral discipline and continues under King Mswati III today. In Zulu history, King Shaka adapted similar rites to unite his people through age-group ceremonies.

What happens at the Reed Dance?

Here is what happens at Umhlanga:

1. Gathering reeds – girls travel to riverbanks to cut tall reeds.

2. Marching to the royal kraal – carrying bundles in colourful processions.

3. Dressing in traditional regalia – including indlamu (short beaded skirts), bead necklaces, and anklets.

4. Singing chastity songs – praising purity and womanhood.

5. Dancing before the king and queen mother – raising reeds high, stepping rhythmically, and giving royal salutes.

6. Royal blessings – the king thanks the maidens for honouring culture.

(Masango, 2008)

What can we learn from the Reed Dance?

We learn:

• The value of cultural discipline and pride

• The importance of community and ancestral ties

• The power of women’s collective strength and dignity

• Lessons of humility, respect, and preparation for womanhood

What age is the Zulu Reed Dance?

Most maidens are between 10 and 21 years old, though some older virgins participate, especially in Swaziland, where they are called imbali (flowers) of the nation.

Cultural symbols in the Reed Dance

• Reeds – purity and renewal

• Indlamu skirts and beadwork – identity, age group, and family clan

• Songs – oral literature teaching moral lessons

• Queen Mother’s presence – blessing and ancestral power

(Masango, 2008)

Pictures and videos of the Reed Dance

To truly feel the beauty of Umhlanga, seeing pictures of Reed Dance reveals the colourful regalia, while reed dance videos capture the rhythmic steps, shrill ululations, and proud songs echoing across royal fields.

Cultural reflection

The Reed Dance is not just about reeds or dance steps. It is about roots, pride, and preparation. It teaches African girls to stand tall, honour their elders, and remember that within them flows the strength of queens before them.

• Learn more about Zulu culture, traditions, food, clothing, and beliefs in our full Zulu Culture Guide here

References:

• Masango, L.P. (2008). Reading the Swazi Reed Dance (Umhlanga) as a Literary Traditional Performance Art. University of the Witwatersrand. journals.co.za.