Rwanda’s New Terror List Raises Concerns Over Political Motives

KIGALI — October 15, 2025. Rwanda’s government has published its most extensive domestic terrorism sanctions list to date, naming 25 individuals accused of financing or coordinating acts of terror. The announcement, made by the National Counter Terrorism Committee (NCTC), is presented as part of a broader effort to disrupt networks behind anti-Rwanda armed groups. Yet observers and analysts are questioning the timing, process, and political undertones of the move.

An Expansive List Across Continents

The individuals listed are spread across Africa, Europe, and North America. According to the official statement, they face travel bans, asset freezes, and financial restrictions under Rwanda’s jurisdiction. However, many of those named are long-time political exiles, opposition figures, or critics of the current government. Critics argue that the designations could blur the line between legitimate political dissent and terrorism.

Below is the full list published by the NCTC:

1. Lt Gen Gaston Iyamuremye (Victor Byiringiro / Rumuri) – President of FDLR, accused of directing operations from eastern DRC.

2. Maj Gen Pacifique Ntawunguka (Omega) – FDLR armed wing commander, alleged to run illicit funding networks.

3. Col Sylvestre Sebahinzi (Zinga Zinga ZZ) – Based in Zambia, accused of coordinating FDLR finances in southern Africa.

4. Maj Alphonse Munyarugendo (Monaco Dollar) – Resident in Mozambique, alleged SADC regional coordinator for FDLR.

5. Faustin Ntirikina (Zigabe Pacifique) – French national, convicted in Rwanda for recruiting youth into FLN and planning the 2019 Kinigi attack.

6. Maj Gen Antoine Hakizimana (Jeva) – Based in Burundi, identified as CNRD–FLN’s military chief.

7. Eric Munyemana – Belgian citizen, accused of FLN fundraising in Europe.

8. Dr Innocent Biruka (Mitali) – Secretary-General of CNRD–FLN, alleged recruiter and financier.

9. Gen Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa – Ex-Rwandan general living in South Africa, founding member of RNC.

10. Dr Emmanuel Hakizimana – Co-founder of RNC, based in Montreal, accused of online financing and recruitment.

11. Abdulkarim Ali Nyarwaya (Dick Nyarwaya) – British national, alleged financial coordinator for P5 coalition.

12. Maj Robert Higiro (Gasisi) – Based in Kenya, accused of RNC recruitment and training.

13. Frank Ntwali – RNC representative in southern Africa, alleged liaison between RNC and FDLR.

14. Ignace Rusagara – RNC spokesperson, resident in the United States, accused of incitement.

15. Jean Paul Turayishimiye – Based in Washington D.C., alleged founder of RNC and financier of terror activities.

16. Gaspard Musabyimana – Journalist and media operator in Belgium, accused of supporting FDLR and P5 propaganda.

17. Placide Kayumba – Based in Namur, Belgium, alleged to link FDU-Inkingi to FDLR operations.

18. Augustin Munyaneza – Brussels-based taxi driver, accused of fundraising for FDLR and P5.

19. Michel Niyibizi – Belgian teacher, described as a fundraiser for FDLR and P5.

20. Jonathan Musonera – London-based activist, accused of mobilizing funds for NEW-RNC.

21. Dr Theogene Rudasingwa – Former Rwandan ambassador to the U.S., accused of coordinating RNC–FDLR collaboration.

22. Maj Jacques Kanyamibwa – Former military pilot, accused of financing the 2019 Kinigi attack.

23. Thomas Nahimana – Ishema Party president in France, accused of inciting violence through online platforms.

24. Christine Coleman Uwizera – U.S.-based pastor, accused of promoting incitement through social media.

25. Sylvestre Nduwayezu (Jet Lee) – Resident of Uganda, accused of recruiting and financing regional attacks.

Critics Say the List Blurs Security and Politics

While Kigali describes the list as a “preventive security measure,” regional analysts and human rights advocates view it as part of a long-standing pattern of conflating political opposition with terrorism. Most of the groups cited, including the RNC and the Ishema Party, have political wings operating legally abroad, often calling for democratic reforms and dialogue rather than armed struggle.

Several names on the list, such as Gen Kayumba Nyamwasa and Dr Theogene Rudasingwa, are well-known former insiders of the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) who became critics after exile. They have previously denied involvement in violent acts and accuse Kigali of orchestrating politically motivated charges to silence dissent.

International Context

Rwanda’s announcement comes amid renewed scrutiny of its regional military operations, particularly in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where UN reports continue to document the presence of Rwandan troops and their support for armed groups. Observers note that such lists often appear at moments when Kigali faces diplomatic criticism or pressure from international partners.

Due Process and Transparency Questions

While the NCTC says individuals can appeal their designation through procedures under the Prime Minister’s Order, no details have been made public about independent oversight, evidence review, or legal representation. Rights groups argue that, without transparency, the list risks becoming a political tool rather than a genuine counterterrorism mechanism.