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The military juntas of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso have signed a treaty forming the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), uniting 72 million people. This confederation aims to eradicate jihadist violence and build a robust economic alliance to reshape West Africa.

Historic Signing in Niamey

In Niger’s capital, Niamey, Burkina Faso’s interim leader, Captain Ibrahim Traoré, expressed gratitude for the formation of the AES. Addressing the assembly in his khaki fatigues and red beret, Traoré emphasized the shared history and unity among the three nations.

Mali’s interim President Colonel Assimi Goïta echoed these sentiments, envisioning a future federation with free movement of people and goods, transcending national identities. The summit’s joint communiqué outlined plans for joint infrastructure projects, trade facilitation, and investments in agriculture, mining, and energy.

The Road to Confederation

The journey to this alliance began with coups in Mali (2020), Burkina Faso, and Niger (2023), which ousted civilian governments deemed ineffective against jihadist violence. The leaders of these nations criticized the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and former colonial power France for their inadequate support.

Niger’s Abdourahamane Tiani confirmed the alliance’s break with ECOWAS. The AES's cooperation includes economic agreements like Niger’s discounted diesel sale to Mali.

Sovereignty and Security

The AES rejects Western military involvement, opting for partnerships with Russia and mobilizing local militias. However, the success of these strategies remains uncertain, with continued violence in regions like